 Joshua Thompson practicing a piece by Harry Burleigh. In the finished basement of his quiet tri-level sits a timeworn Kimball in a dim lit corner, adorned in stacks of books and sheet music. Joshua explains he won a hotly contested toss-up with his twin brother Jared to lay claim to the childhood piano they shared. The book on the mantle was gifted by their eldest sister Jessica, a virtuoso in her own right that helped shape the musician he is today. Joshua sits at the bench before the keys, raising his arms as if to conjure Harry Burleigh himself and lift the notes off the page, and begins to play with a familiar, conversational cadence. After all, music defies both place and time. The mesmerizing sounds he produces as his hands weave from one end to the other are otherworldly and yet firmly rooted beneath Joshua’s impeccable pedal work. His feet are just as talented as the span of his fingers stretched wide between octaves, and he only wears his signature socks while playing, whether at home or on stage. The piece is titled The Frolic of From the Southland. It is the second movement of several, a name that carries far more than the music itself and may be why Joshua found Burleigh, or perhaps, it is the movement that found Joshua, knee-deep in an exploration of little-known black artists that was sparked by Black History Month over thirty years ago. An effort to highlight unsung black cultural innovators every February transformed into a journey to uncover answers to a question that manifested as a young piano and trumpet student. Where are the black classical composers? Joshua details what he calls listening tours: Every day in the morning I woke up with a purpose and intent to find someone new and do my homework and look them up and their pieces. That was satisfying and fun and informative for me. And then I actually started listening to some of these pieces that resonated. I never heard that before and they were brilliant and gorgeous. I'm like, How come we don't hear about this? How come I can't find this music? Why do I have to pay $80.00 because it's out of print or it's on back order?
I had a couple pieces that I had under my fingers and I was trying to figure out how do I make this more than just a recital and make this something. And I just remember the people that I saw on stage that evening that I worked with, these people to my left, my right, in front, and behind me literally just asking. So I just put some stuff together and went to the people that I've always wanted to work with and just have a good creative relationship with in general. And I said, Hey we're going to link up and do some stuff! It would be a mistake to believe that Joshua’s current musical iteration began in 2017 on stage at the Madame Walker Theatre. His why cannot be separated from his early childhood. Joshua’s commitment to classical music began with a love for Saturday morning cartoons. The theme music and soundtracks for shows like Bugs Bunny and Tom & Jerry served as glimpse into the importance of music in every aspect of creative and cultural production. His parents were not musicians themselves, but offered their full support to their children’s aspirations. The twins followed the footsteps of Jessica and started piano lessons as five-year-olds. A few years later, Joshua began playing classical trumpet, an instrument that came relatively easy to take up with a background in piano. Just before high school, he was invited to be a part of the New World Youth Symphony Orchestra as a trumpetist, joining the ranks of young prodigenous musicians from across the state. The high-level opportunity brought an intensity, self-discipline, and a sense of ownership to Joshua’s craft as a musician, a time he describes as a major turning point as an artist. Joshua recalls performing George Gershwin's Cuban Overture for the first time with the group: From that first moment when the conductor lifted up her baton and that first note happened, it sounded exactly like what I heard on the recording. And for a minute I was like, Oh, shit! We are, these people sound amazing! For me, that was it and it was immediate. I'm in a room with musicians who are way better than I am and I have to work. I worked to get into this group but I've got to work to stay here. That's when I really just upped my game because it required it. When around me, I had to match that level. Joshua has been that kind of dedicated student since listening intently to the backtracking of cartoons as a kindergartener. For me it’s not enough to just play a piece of music. He employs exegetical study of black composers and their music. He researches the structural elements of pieces and movements, the geographical and biographical background of the person and what culturally shaped their compositions. This information is not always readily available and can be just as difficult to find as archived sheet music, but social context is what reveals deeper meaning and motivation behind and in the classical works. Further, the classical genre is highly regarded as foundational, traditional music and the most recognizable and celebrated composers are overwhelmingly white and wealthy. White supremacy has rendered classical music a literal Ivory Tower. As with most genres within and beyond music, black classical pioneers have been erased and excluded from canonical history and contemporary form. I think especially with composers of African descent you can't get away from that. A driving force of Joshua’s analysis and application is to reframe the canon and ensure black artists like Burleigh, Still, Bonds, and more are included and prominently featured in the larger narrative as they should have been already. What it comes down to is we don't know what we don't know yet. So once it's presented to us we have that knowledge and then we have the responsibility to use it or not use it as we see fit. Joshua’s work introduces new audiences to classical music. He enjoys playing vignettes of concertos, or, teasers of longer pieces, and often shares background information about the composers and pieces before and after playing. The entertainment of performance is not without political and cultural education. His hope is to illustrate how innovative classical music is and highlight the manifestations of classical elements in today’s popular sounds. Classical is expansive, is for and by black people, and should be accessible, approachable, and applicable beyond the genre. There's another place we can go where we can see ourselves. There's another place we can go where we know we have our massive thumbprint.
Teaching is one more way of bridging the gap between the genre he loves and new students of the craft, whether that path leads to highly competitive performance spaces or other creative fields of practice. There’s this idea that if you don't get first chair or if you don’t get into the school of music of your choice or if you don’t land with the symphony music orchestra of your choice then you’re automatically garbage and you have no place in music and that’s just not true. That’s just not true. Teaching is a futurist practice to make blackness visible and valued in classical music, work toward the unseen here and now. It is why documenting and archiving blackness is a political project to preserve and shape black life, black culture. But Joshua offers a deeply related point: Even highlighting that there are black composers out there, to be perfectly honest, is not exceptional. I only have to do it because they’re unknown. And again, with some of my works now, when I do my stuff, I don’t even say, if it’s relevant I’ll say they are composers of African descent, I just do it. Now y’all know what I do, so everything that you hear, yeah, I would take the bet that it’s black. Because there is a broader conversation to have, there’s a bigger conversation to have, like the surface conversation is blackness and relevance to classical music. Joshua’s work showcases black composers and musicians as a starting point for further exploration rather than a means to an end. His long game is not one. It is a matter of doing what is necessary, while refraining from the urge to call what is necessary revolutionary. He is simply seeking to change narratives blackness has been erased from. And Joshua Thompson is composing otherwise ways of black being.
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sanctuary, or, accountability practices for the externalized impact of internalized anti-blackness2/6/2019 Last Sunday, my stepdaughter and I went to a Latinx church we’ve never been to. On the drive to the city’s west side, I explained to her most of the service would be in Spanish and many of the people attending are brown and black folks, like us. “I don’t even know that many words in Spanish anymore. I really only know numbers now, and just up to 15,” she whispered. She was visibly nervous and also openly curious about the experience. My stepdaughter is biracial, of Mexican heritage, and depending on the season, can pass for white. She’ll be eight in a few months and already recognizes that racial identity and ethnic background are social constructs with their own cultural signals, markers of group belonging commonly defined by collective experience. In her mind, her identity as a Mexican child and capacity for acceptance in this particular Latinx community somewhat depended on how fluently she speaks and understands Spanish. I’m a queer black woman helping raise a growing brown girl in the U.S. Our relationship with each other is just shy of a three-year milestone. And in that time, we’ve talked a lot about race, black-brown solidarity, and how whiteness impacts what we think and feel about ourselves and others, as age-appropriate and honest as we can be. Because of who we are, who we are to each other, and how we move through the world, we don’t have a choice but to. “It’s okay that you don’t know a lot of Spanish, baby.” I assured her, “The amount of words in Spanish you know doesn’t change the fact that you are Mexican. Plus, there will be some translation to help us understand and feel welcomed. You know, many of the places we go, people mostly speak English, and those whose first language is Spanish are often left out. We might feel a little of that same discomfort, and that’s okay.” And it was okay. As we walked into the building, we heard people singing a worship song in Spanish from the hallway. She took my hand, briefly squeezed, and we entered the sanctuary doors together. Although my lived experience is a world apart from my stepdaughter’s, our positions hold common threads as people of color. Our time together in church this week was a reflection of my own childhood, memories I often draw on as a parent. When I was four, my family moved from Landover in PG County, a well-known and historically black community in Maryland, to Merrillville, Indiana, a town birthed of white flight from Gary during the steel crisis of the early 1970s. I was one of just five black students at my elementary school when I was my stepdaughter’s age. By contrast, my parents chose a church home in East Chicago, Indiana. On weekdays, I was taught by all white teachers in classrooms with almost all white kids. And on weekends, I spent most of my time in church and close-knit community with black people, with black children. I didn’t have language for the pressures shaping me then. I subconsciously began shrinking myself at school. I spent my days gradually perfecting my handwriting and grades and diction, raising my voice to an unnatural pitch to match that of my girl-ish classmates, putting on a tweenage veneer of likeability. I was a wallflower in perpetual late bloom, a mouth full of metal, ill-fitted glasses, pimple-prone, thick-haired, dark-skinned, and fully vested in futile attempts to take up the promises of whiteness -- to be softer, prettier, loved. I wasn’t myself, didn’t want to be, and I couldn’t pinpoint who or what told me I shouldn’t. The first time my friend at church asked me, “Why you talk like that?” I balked at the question, hurling back, “What do you mean?” She shrugged and declared, “You sound like a white girl,” and carried on eating the chips we had just bought at the corner store across the street. Her words convicted me, and rightly so. Racial impostorism describes an identity struggle for authenticity and community, mostly attributed to multiracial people. The phenomenon can manifest among people of color of all backgrounds in personal and political ways, recently highlighted as Kamala Harris and Cory Booker entered the pool of 2020 presidential candidates. Harris is tasked with reconciling her history of targeting marginalized communities with “a big stick” as California’s top prosecutor. Her department fought due process to keep people in prison, denied hormone treatment for incarcerated trans people, and proudly launched an initiative to criminalize the parents of truant students, most were families of color. As a senator, she sponsored human trafficking legislation that obstructs the wellbeing of sex workers and their ability to work safely. Booker’s campaign debut refreshed the memory of T-Bone, a gang-affiliated character he admittedly invented to vouch for his “Ph.D from the streets of Newark,” and his neoliberal investment in privatizing public goods from schools to sanitation. His policies as mayor and state senator directly impact access to educational opportunity, living wages, and affordable housing and health care. Social media and offline spaces have turned a critical eye not only toward Harris’ and Booker’s records as elected officials, but also their cultural significance, especially in the wake of former President Barack Obama. Democratic contenders must win the black electorate for a chance to win the primary, and the stakes are high for Harris and Booker as black candidates. Their campaigns and curated personas incorporate black signifiers in hopes of somehow passing an imaginary litmus test. A snippet of Harris dancing and snapping off-beat to Cardi B, Booker’s campaign video emulating an Empire episode — these efforts can read as political pandering, and worse, as corny, deserving of the jokes and memes and thinkpieces questioning their intent, their policies, their impact. Some people take the corny charges seriously and personally, claiming the racialized criticism of Harris and Booker is unfair. Apparently, holding black politicians accountable to harmful policymaking rooted in anti-blackness is tantamount to stripping their black identity. The reaction is familiar. I don’t know if my friend at church intended to hurt my feelings by telling me I sounded white, but I do know now that I was seeking white acceptance. The identity I was striving for at school was, in my mind, a better black than that of my church community, and I acted like it — by changing how styled my hair, dressed, and talked to other black people. And my friend called my behavior exactly what it was because she cared enough about me to say it. She wasn’t the last to poke fun at me for trying to be someone I wasn’t, and I am grateful. Sometimes calling out and calling in, uprooting racial impostorism and internalized anti-blackness, is getting clowned for being corny and dragged for bad policy. Sometimes it is like my stepdaughter seeing a glimpse of her whole self in a Latinx worship song and being accepted regardless of how many words she knows in Spanish. Sometimes it’s a fellow black girl being honest with me in church. Accountability looks a lot of ways when we are looking funny in the light. Our communities can and do bring us back into the fold, into sanctuary, space to be ourselves in a world not made for us. one
coming out is not a singular one-time event that exists in isolation two coming out is a lifelong, every damn day process of breaking and healing and recovering and embracing and becoming and being whole as best we can three hallelujah, anyhow four it doesn’t always get better, sometimes it just gets bitter five the closet is a misnomer, a collision of violence and safety, a social construction and a doorway, a casket and a womb all at once six we've been home all along perhaps we know better now seven it's so good to see you there’s this weird thing where people think feminism means every thing every woman is on or about or believes in must be feminist by virtue of being a woman
there’s multiple feminisms issa feminism for everyone you get a feminism and you get a feminism and you get... y’all that’s ahistorical pluralism without drawing on necessary and collectively determined values something something the failures of identity politics blah blah blah first of all auntie bell hooks taught us patriarchy knows no gender (read bell hooks for the feminist wire) hell, it’s thriving in our own thoughts and actions but we don’t want to talk much about that it’s a little easier to externalize and smash the patriarchy than ask ourselves hard questions about what we carry in us further, there should be no room at the inn for feminisms that subjugate women and others just because a politic is “strongly held” by someone who happens to be a woman but let’s be clear we can pontificate about what is or isn’t feminist all we want to but what we don’t get to do is personally and arbitrarily decide the parameters of feminism we shape feminism as it shapes us, but we are not its sole authors or owners however, when we take on feminism and its weight and the political consciousness it affords, we might find ourselves challenged on what we think we know about feminist politics by other feminists and rightly so nothing quite like getting all the way snatched up by someone who cares enough to do it for your benefit, or alternatively, is all out of fucks to give and we thankfully become the beneficiary of the very last gracious one perhaps feminism is a lifelong practice of doing better with what we know better, or rather, embracing humility when ego begs attention and takes up far too much space just as we are ever-becoming persons, feminism is an evolving framework that asks us to interrogate and uproot gendered power so our world can be better for all people, not just women (read yasmin nair for current affairs) feminism is a framework that sharpens us and our understanding of the world around us and how we move through it feminism is a framework that (re)connects us to others as we’ve always been but we're communally conditioned to forget and granted generational power to erase our interconnectedness over time in exchange for violent domination best part about all these constant and changing and connecting and colliding parts is feminism is a framework that doesn’t require us to like or be liked by all women we should check one another on our shit because the politic demands the kind of love that both supersedes and gives substance to our often temperamental affect for one another we can and should earn and learn from an L when our proclaimed politics and actual behavior don’t align and we fail to fully see and value our selves and others we have a precedented opportunity to gain a feminist principle here from a woman like Cardi B “on sight” is a love language among black women, feminist or not, because what is love without accountability accountability, an urgent and timely matter that might just find us at any given moment, venue is hardly or entirely a concern time and space and decorum are social constructions any damn way sis i love you and because i love us for real you can and will catch these proverbial and physical hands on today, right here and now imagine that this is what a feminist looks like  I didn’t know I knew the sound of Liliana’s footed pajamas against the hardwood floor balcony. The step just before the staircase is the loudest spot in the entire house, perhaps inconsequential if not for living with a six-year-old. Her little feet don’t yet know to shuffle around it. I heard the noise distinctly over the silly romantic comedy on tv and looked directly above me to see her bed head peek over the railing. I put down my glass of wine, jumped from the couch, and quickly tiptoed upstairs to where she stood half asleep, rubbing her closed eye with one hand and pressing a wad of toilet paper to her nose with the other. During several years when I was her age my nose bled nearly every other day. I don’t know what to attribute the episodes to, maybe stress, dry skin, the weather or some combination. My parents bought a lug of a humidifier for the room my younger sister and I shared, placing it between our twin beds against opposite walls. My dad would twirl a single q-tip along the edge of the Vaseline jar and swab the jelly in the crevices of my nose. I’d fall asleep to the low purr of the humidifier each night. I knelt before Liliana and cradled her face in my hand, checking her forehead and cheeks for heat, then scooped her into my arms. With my free hand, I grabbed two q-tips, our mini jar of Vaseline, and soaked a washcloth from the linen closet in warm water, then carried her back to bed. She let me gently wipe her nose clean and listened intently as I shared about my frequent childhood nosebleeds, consenting to the same care my father taught me. To help her fall asleep again, I snuggled next to her and softly sang her favorite lullabies, love songs I’ve sung to her for the last year and a half. Lil doesn’t immediately take to strangers and has no problem communicating her discomfort. In rare form, we clicked almost immediately. A couple weeks after her mother and I started dating, I met her for the first time on an early October morning. An unexpected fart cut through expectedly shy introductions, stirring up a much-needed fit of laughter. She reminds me today she didn’t fart on me, but in my general direction. I could only be so lucky. She calls me her MooMoo, a creative, mom-adjacent name holding considerable weight as another person in her village. Mom especially belongs to the two people who conjured her up together. Elle wasn’t enough to describe who I am to her, just as my partner’s kid certainly explains but doesn’t honor the fullness of our connection. I tell her in jest how lucky she is to have so many mothers. She’s my baby’s baby. She's my baby. She became so very quickly and will remain so forever. I am thankful my partner and her ex-wife parent so intentionally and expansively, there’s room for the love Liliana and I carve out for ourselves. I am not her mother, but I mother her, too. I’ve proudly collected every piece of art she’s created and gifted me since before my partner cleaned out a drawer and gave me a key to the home we share. In my makeup bag is a plastic ring she asked me to keep after I informally moved in. I wore it faithfully on my pinky until my finger itched with irritation. I schedule my work life and life’s work around the half week stretches we have together. Her car seat has a permanent place in my car alongside water bottles, snacks, art supplies, and books galore. I take her to school and pick her up on our days more often than not, and in between, I put in shifts at work, flexibility a request and requirement so I can parent how I desire. When the weather allows, we bask in the sun at our favorite park a short drive away from our house. Liliana and her mother are my family, divinely and purposefully chosen. The evidence manifests in car rides and homework routines, tooth wiggling and made-up songs and morning hair styling, to Vaselined noses in the middle of her mother’s overnight shift. These are labors of love not required of me as her non-custodial, legally unbound MooMoo. She shows me how big love is and can be. How is it possible to love a person so much the verb itself anchors and moves me in ways that don’t make sense, yet do? Long before the October morning of our meeting, I wrestled with the implications of dating a parent for the first time. I could draw on my identity as an older sister and cousin, or my work as a youth educator and on-call babysitter to make ends meet. But parents can attest no single set of experiences can ready people for raising a child, for holding full responsibility for their safety, wellness, and growth in a world of debilitating danger and endless possibility. Nothing could prepare me for mothering Liliana save for simply mothering her, following my partner’s lead and gladly serving as a trusted adult among so many in her life. Liliana is an artist, socially constructing the power of chosen family, friendship, and community in her drawings, paintings, stuffed animal and Shopkins collections, and lego designs. She illustrates us, her mothers and each member of her family filling the two places she calls home. Her artistic representation of family reveals the nuances of simple ideas. Behind each picture is the political nature of nontraditional family values and ways of being. Parenting in and through partnership means I choose to love and care for Liliana with her mother, but in many ways, our connection is invisible and rendered unprotected. che gossett cautions: "love not as property relation but as the end of property relation." Liliana doesn't have to be my daughter for an outpouring of mothering and relating between us to be real. It just is. We can and should allow our love for one another to transform family structures that condense blood relation and belonging down to ownership and re-center bonds formed and strengthened by choice and commitment. We are, in effect, queering our understanding and practice of family.
My partner and I talk regularly about Liliana’s growth and changing needs, what we want to work on in ourselves as her stewards, how to better protect and provide for our family, and yes, how we might navigate relationship with each other and Lil should we ever part ways, by choice or circumstance. We have to, to sustain our selves and our family in unknown territory. Reality is my partnership and mothering are inextricably tied, a connection that could very well be complicated or broken by factors in and outside our control. My choice to partner, to mother, to family necessitates contending with this reality, embracing it and building within and beyond its boundaries every day. We choose each other and live accordingly and exceedingly. When I formally moved in a year ago, my partner imparted to me that at her age, Liliana would not recall many concrete memories of her life before me. I am firmly rooted in the picture of Lil’s life and lead my own with her in mind and heart, always knowing exactly what’s at stake. A long-form exploration of DACA, black-brown solidarity, and the value of U.S. citizenship Sayra Perez, a representative from Indiana Undocumented Youth Alliance, speaks at the organization’s press conference and support rally celebrating the fifth anniversary of DACA on August 15. Embedded photos courtesy of the author. Five years ago this month, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) began accepting applications for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). The program allows undocumented people brought to the U.S. as children to apply for work permits and renewable two-year reprieves from deportation. The Obama administration created the policy by executive order in summer 2012 under pressure from proponents of federal DREAM Actbills and immigration reform initiatives. In 2014, President Obama unsuccessfully attempted to broaden the program’s eligibility and renewal requirements. A controversial legal battle between the Department of Justice and 25 states including Indiana ended in a 4–4 Supreme Court vote after Antonin Scalia’s unexpected death, setting no legal precedent and denying an expansion that would have increased the number of eligible undocumented youth from 1.3 million to 1.5 million. DACA outlines exhaustive restrictions primarily regarding age, date of arrival to the U.S., background check, and education level or military enrollment to determine potential approval. USCIS has rubber stamped 787,580 applications, authorizing about 89% of the total received nationwide to date. Data shows an 8% denial rate of initial applications, while less than 1% of renewals are turned down. Once granted approval, program participants are likely to retain their DACA status throughout the biennial renewal process. Of about 11,000 young people currently eligible in Indiana, just 9,576 Hoosier applicants have been approved for DACA as of June 2016. Nearly 33% of DACA recipients in Indiana reside in Marion County. Central Indiana could very well serve as a site for increasing awareness of and support for DACA in politically unfriendly territory, encouraging critical review of the program, and reimagining the value of U.S. citizenship. Local organizations like Indiana Undocumented Youth Alliance indicate hopeful possibility. Benefits of DACA The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy published a report in April 2017 highlighting the tax contributions of undocumented youth. Key findings include:
Undocumented Hoosiers currently enrolled or eligible for DACA contribute $23,288,000 in state taxes every year. If every eligible young person in Indiana received DACA, tax payments would increase by nearly half a million dollars. If the Trump administration dismantles the program, the state would lose more than $12 million dollars in tax revenue annually. The administrative cost of DACA is minimal as potential recipients are required to pay all fees associated with initial and renewal processing, averaging $500 per application. The program effectively pays for itself. However the advantages of DACA are not only fiscal, but humane as well. Indefinite detention and deportation of undocumented U.S. residents damages the social fabric of family and community. Living under constant threat of internment and removal from the country without equitable access to legal protection, representation, and resources negatively impacts individual and collective financial, physical, emotional, and psychological wellness. The qualitative benefits of temporary access to employment and education without fear of detention and deportation are immeasurable. DACA is a significantly compromised version of the DREAM Act’s path to permanent residency for undocumented youth. Tax contribution analysis reveals the U.S. reaps the financial benefit of the undocumented workforce paid under and above the table and the social advantages of keeping families of varied immigration statuses intact. A moral, liberal-leaning defense of DACA seemingly acknowledges the failure to create and pass comprehensive immigration reform and atone for generationally exploited labor of undocumented communities. It is a stop-gap, and even with its flaws, perhaps DACA is arguably better than no program at all. Criticisms of DACA Undocumented immigrants are not a monolith, and in true form, some undocumented people, DREAMers or otherwise, do not support DACA. The program represents a small fraction of immigration policy reform, the DREAM Act of 2001, and each unsuccessful revival, initiatives seeking to grant permanent residency to undocumented people of all ages providing for themselves and often, their families. Because DACA was established by executive order instead of federal law, the current administration can rescind the order at any time, mandating the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) end the program, tossing nearly 800,000 recipients into legal limbo after five years of relative safety. President Donald Trump’s comments on retaining, reducing, or repealing the program conflict, but USCIS continues to accept and approve applications and DHS has hinted at honoring authorized work permits through their current expiration dates if the program is dismantled in the future. If DACA eligibility is restricted or the program ends altogether, DHS and by extension, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has full access to a list of all approved and denied DACA applicants, the names of their family members, contact information, addresses, workplaces, colleges to effectively launch unilateral detention and deportation projects. Since the fifth anniversary of DACA on August 15th, two recent news stories juxtapose narratives about DACA’s impending fate. On August 25, the White House announced DACA is officially under formal review. The president is purportedly rescinding DACA under recommendation from DHS and likely influence of known DACA-opponent Attorney General Jeff Sessions, considering only whether to end the program immediately or allow the protections of current recipients to gradually phase out. Recent reports also claim a contingent of White House officials are looking to use DACA as leverage to push sweeping immigration policy through Congress likely to directly and negatively impact the families and communities of DREAMers. In exchange for keeping DACA intact, the officials are allegedly calling for designated funding for the construction of more detention facilities and a wall along the Mexican border, an E-Verify requirement for businesses, and severely reduced legal immigration made possible by restrictions outlined in the Raise Act of 2017. This potential deal places the Trump administration at a political crossroads with conservative idealism and the president’s own campaign promises to end the program. Ten states have threatened to sue the U.S. if the president does not rescind the DACA executive order by September 5th while 20 states submitted a memo to the oval office offering a compelling case in favor of DACA. A congressional deal of this magnitude puts DACA recipients’ squarely at odds with the fight for undocumented rights as a whole. Insubstantial protections extended to 800,000 DREAMers will further endanger all undocumented immigrants in the U.S. At best, DACA primarily functions as harm reduction policy, allowing undocumented populations branded “low enforcement priorities” by politically influenced standards to temporarily stay in the U.S. and pay taxes to American governments while remaining legally barred from voting rights and accessing most of its benefits and services. DACA applicants must undergo an extensive background check. Undocumented young people with a felony conviction are ineligible for the program when statistically, a small percentage of deported immigrants have criminal records and of those who do, most convictions are categorically nonviolent offenses and likely related to immigration status. Similar to the disenfranchisement of U.S. citizens post-incarceration, DACA blocks felons from the program even after completing their time in prison and re-entering society. Recidivism rates surge among former prisoners lacking access to sustainable employment, and DACA approval for otherwise eligible undocumented youth could open up new paths to opportunity. Because the U.S. criminal justice system is built on anti-black white supremacist capitalism, communities of color and under-resourced areas are historically and presently hyper-criminalized and over-policed. Undocumented immigrants are largely assumed illegal by the state and its actors, and made to endure race-based targeting and discrimination without the added security of U.S. residency and documentation. Programs like DACA perpetuate carceral politics by bestowing arbitrary goodness and worth constructed on centuries of injustice and inequity. DREAMers are made to be individualized victims of collective circumstances, families traversing national borders of dangerous terrain, parents simply seeking better economic conditions for innocent children. DACA eligibility requirements demand applicants submit to American exceptionalism by distinguishing themselves as indebted, patriotic immigrants as opposed to “illegal aliens” and “bad hombres” to prove they deserve deferred action above millions of other undocumented people — their family members, friends, coworkers, neighbors, fellow parishioners, community members and leaders irrespective of criminal records. For DREAMers to survive in impermanent increments is an exercise in disassociation not taken lightly, ideologically aligning with a global prison state cashing in on black and brown bodies of all immigration and citizenship statuses. Questioning Citizenship All five versions of the DREAM Act ending in the creation of DACA in 2012 curtailed granting U.S. citizenship to undocumented young people. Liberal and conservative lawmakers placated to bipartisan agreement in hopes of garnering support for immigration reform across the aisle. Each attempt at further restricting eligibility and benefits failed to pass the mandatory vote threshold to end debate on either the House or Senate floor in 2001, 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2011. Arguments against amnesty consistently fail to mention U.S. imperialism as a significant cause for political turmoil in Mexico and throughout Latin America resulting in economic and social strife driving Latinx people to risk emigrating to the U.S by any means necessary. What happens to a dream deferred? In Indiana, post-RFRA refrain “Indy Welcomes All” rings hollow for Hoosier DREAMers within legislative context. DACA and its imperfect predecessors withhold full citizenship, the rights and protections residency provides, in exchange for ongoing exploitation and the illusory promise of inclusion in the American Dream. Citizenship is actively positioned outside the realm of possibility for most undocumented families, newly transplanted to long established, the common thread is illegitimacy. The U.S. economy cannot effectively function without immigrant labor, and by design, illegality preserves a low-cost, highly profitable undocumented workforce with few options for recourse or recompense. The financial benefit of undocumented labor to Indiana’s economy, to American capitalism altogether compels critique of U.S. citizenship itself and political exclusion of entire swaths of people living, surviving, and working within the country’s borders and on its behalf abroad.
Symbols of material citizenship are birth certificates, social security numbers, photo id cards, and voter registrations, but the title U.S. citizen holds intangible value more difficult to subjectively define. The implicit worth of citizenship depends on self-directed and socially assigned identities, presentation, status, power, and lack thereof. Citizenship denies and affords comfort, security, access, and opportunity. Denial is an emotional, financial, and physical cost forced upon some groups of people designed for others’ direct and indirect gain. Denial’s bounty is the devaluation, social conditioning, exploited labor and means of survival of black people, brown people, poor people, and more in the U.S. The struggle for justice for undocumented immigrants and Black Americans overlap and diverge often, but are inextricably linked. Citizenship and denial of such does not provide sufficient shield for black and brown people from police brutality and ICE raids, mass deportations and incarceration, indefinite detention and disproportionate prison sentences. Redlining practices, subprime lending and banking discrimination, unexpected loss of income, housing displacement, and destruction of entire cultural districts are products of deliberate and imprudent erasure. Educational and vocational opportunity is unjustly tied to zip codes, neighborhood tax revenue, bodily and mental ability, test scores, and documentation status. The fight for equitable access to affordable housing, food, health care, insurance, education, sustainable wages, and employment to survive and surmount inordinate poverty rates among Americans of color are interconnected. The American Dream is birthed of white and wealthy imagination sponsored by denial after denial. Latinx, Black, Chicano, Pan African, and undocumented immigrant liberation movements have emerged and evolved, collided and collaborated over time. Relentlessly pushing for amnesty and full U.S. citizenship alongside undocumented immigrants in Indiana and nationwide is justice-oriented restitution that can and should parallel dismantling anti-blackness and oppressive immigration policy created and sustained by an exclusionary understanding of citizenship. Liberatory work demands trading either/or limitations for radical both/and visioning. Tearing down state-sanctioned oppression cannot happen apart from compassionate communal care for othered people existing in-between. A comprehensive and simultaneous expansion and deconstruction of U.S. citizenship is a black-brown solidarity project worthy of continued exploration and investment. Five years of DACA, millions of undocumented futures hang in the balance.  Yesterday, Tomorrow died.
Tomorrow Imir Ingle, a black trans woman in a long line of miraculous rebirths and systematic, state sanctioned grand larceny. Black. Trans. Women. Irrevocably shortened lives memorialized in bookends, erasure bloodstained between. She shouldn’t be a hashtag, and won’t be, but should be. She should not be dead. They say the devil is in the details. They say she died alone in a crowded room. They say a reaping worked through her own hands. They say she is a statistic of an epidemic, a poison injected in her veins, a bittersweet ecstasy, a split second to simply exist in a place not made for her. They is us is we. We killed her. We mourn her. We celebrate her, in whispers and wails, in wonder. Her memory conjured up by grieving loved ones, the estranged and strangely familiar, floating, anchored, hand in hand, laying rest a world of difference housed in the same body. Her chosen and dead names sewn to teeth and tongue. Her funeral, an echo chamber. Her becoming, a death wish choked up in our throats. It should not be. She should be. She should be. She should be. And yet. We keep her close, release her to wishful, faithful, hopeful better in the best way we know how. Words spoken, broken hearts, written reports, vigils, funerals, moments of silence and rage and every feeling deserving of space? For they, us, we un/steady living, breathing in rhythm, protest, everything, nothing. How incredible, how incredulous to rewrite her story for our gain, some semblance of healing. How easily, how violently we forget she needed and desired and hated and imagined and loved this side of glory. She stood before us and told us so. We turned eye and ear. It’s not too late to listen to her voice, a heavenly chorus in a long line of miraculous rebirths. Hallelujah! She is not gone. Yesterday, Tomorrow died. Yesterday claimed her body, but left with us what lives forever — her name. Tomorrow, always.  Note: This essay originally appeared in Assymetry: A Selection on Organization and Mobilization, a print zine published by Janneane and Benjamin Blevins of PRINTtEXT. If you’d like a print copy, send me an email or visit the periodical shop! Photo: “A Constructed World” by Anna Martinez, ihatepainters.com I am an alchemist, uncomfortably existing and surviving between a collision of politic and practice. My words, an extension and envisioning of my life, of life itself, feels like and is so often attributed to blackgirlmagic, a phrase created and popularized by black women to give language to what about us can’t be fully captured in words alone. Last I put pen to paper, I explored redefining the act and substance behind prayer, a seemingly magical paradigm shift from speaking words aloud to allowing those words to shape action and movement. I believe in magic as I believe in prayer. I study holy books gifted to the universe by black women feelers, thinkers, and doers. I sit in a circle of believers on Wednesday nights and Sunday afternoons navigating and transforming a world we are in and of. I whisper scripture forged between tongue and teeth and released into the ether, “on earth as it is in heaven.” I hold space in classroom and church, cohort and congregation, where fact and faith connect rather than conflict. I believe in magic as I believe in prayer. Alchemy brings together what is and what could or should be in a noisy, messy clash. Deconstructing oppression is challenging work because our collective imagination is unable to see beyond systems making and molding our lived experiences, the identities we choose, those placed on us. Liberating our imagination is a continual exercise in letting go and taking up, a profound belief in ways of being that defy explanation or don’t exist. We have no mode or model but ourselves. We have to conjure it up. “won’t you celebrate with me I believe in magic as I believe in prayer. Abracadabra in Hebrew roughly translates to “it comes to pass as I speak.” Social justice is science fiction, using our words to weave imagination into reality as is, to let imagination build reality anew. Our challenge is to keep our feet planted and our heads in the clouds, to give voice to our past as it unfolds in the present, to give language to liberation within reach. “Poetry is not a luxury. It is a vital necessity for our existence. It forms the quality of light from which we predicate our hopes and dreams toward survival and change, first into language, then into idea, then into more tangible action.” I am an alchemist in a long line of black women poets, scholars, scientists, prayer warriors, magicians, forerunners, fruit of the same. I believe in magic as I believe in prayer. Let us speak our future into existence.
 Note: This essay originally appeared in Assymetry: A Selection for a New Old America, a print zine published by Janneane and Benjamin Blevins of PRINTtEXT. If you’d like a print copy, send me an email or visit the periodical shop!
Photo: “Her First Flag” by Lauren Zoll I don’t pray. The religion of my youth no longer speaks to my inner workings or makes space for the entirety of who I am ever becoming. Long gone are the days of a skinny dark-skinned girl perched in the third pew back adorned in Sunday best, kneeling before God and fashioning my words into rehearsed lamentations and deepest wanting; my prayers more closely resembled whispered wishes in the key of Jiminy Cricket. I don’t pray. But my faith has grown and transformed with me, fortified in consuming fire and baptized in troubled waters, and where I invest it is a world apart from that of my childhood. If I had to name my spiritual practice, I’d loosely call it inquisitive agnosticism. I believe in a God, but she looks and moves through the world less like Jim Caviezel and more like Miss Major Gracy-Griffin. The questions of faith I repeatedly ask myself and my closest don’t yet have answers that bring me any semblance of peace or understanding. However, I am rooted in this sense of uncertainty and discomfort, the push and pull of knowing and unknowing is great hope. Contrary to popular belief, the Land of the Free has been welcome home to the weeping and gnashing of teeth since its inception. The Obama administration and Tuesday’s election results are the Book of Revelation come to fruition, depending on who is telling the tale. But this rebellious Sunday schooler gained timeless wisdom from the Bible: people don’t know how to listen. Listening demands conscious intent and responsive care to hear and address what is historically and presently ignored, erased, remade in self-image. Communities cut deepest by the sins of white supremacist capitalist patriarchy suffer in silence and screams, indistinguishable to those unconsciously and willfully lacking the talent and gift of discernment. Hear this: Hell is not upon us. Hell is already here, been here. And we are all caught in crossfire and culpable to varying degrees. I don’t pray. But my faith is the Lord’s Prayer in theory and in truth, “on earth as it is in heaven.” Hell is scaling mountains at the expense of people relegated to valleys. Hell is our eyes fixed on hills, waiting on help to arrive that is instead within and among us. Hell is rooted in reality, the best and worst that is here and now, but we can press toward an earthly heaven — what we can’t touch, feel, see where and when we are. This requires a disruption of power we wield to enact hell on one another. This requires a radical redefinition of prayer. No, not mere utterances behind closed doors or convicted speech cocooned by fellow worshippers, but prayer that takes shape by holding space for self-reflection and difficult dialogue, reconciling deep-seated harm, planting church in odd places, being sanctuary for the othered, begetting culture shifts. We can reimagine what is unjust, and create liberation yet to be, a super/natural work of hands and hearts. Today and always, pray without ceasing The Forgotten Story of the Ferguson Brothers and the Incredible Legacy of Indiana Avenue Photo: Sunset Terrace Club on Indiana Avenue in Indianapolis, IN circa 1938. Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper.
Note: This essay originally appeared in Psychphonics Didactic: Collection of Adjacent Mythologies, a print zine published by Janneane and Benjamin Blevins of PRINTtEXT to accompany a pop-up museum in Indianapolis by the same name curated by Kipp Normand and launched in March 2016. My research included the Indianapolis Recorder Newspaper archive, The Chitlin’ Circuit by Preston Lauterbach, and Indiana Historical Society resources. Let the average Indiana resident tell it, Jim Crow was a distant cousin with a successful enterprise, hands clean, in the Deep South. Revisionist and romanticized history allows for the motherland of the Ku Klux Klan to become the cradle of Hoosier Hospitality in less than a century. One hundred years births generations and then some, but in retrospect isn’t very long at all. Time tells the tallest of tales, stories masquerading as folklore so deliciously grandiose and outlandish, the truth contained within is incredible. Thankfully, dead men don’t lie. In Crown Hill Cemetery is a grave carved out in early spring of 1974, beneath the etched tombstone and fertile ground is a casket, and inside the box is a man adorned in a tailored, bright red zoot suit. But stories like his rarely end six feet under. Picture Indianapolis right now, five years shy of celebrating a Bicentennial, affectionately known as a big city with a comforting, familiar feel, or a frustratingly small town desperate to be metropolitan — depends on who is inquiring. It’s not difficult to imagine an eerily similar Indianapolis in 1920, a deeply segregated, steadily developing city, an urban core bursting at the seams as the Great Migration attracted nearly 13,000 Negros from southern states, many settling along Indiana Avenue or on cross streets a skip away. Enter Denver and Sea Ferguson, brothers born and raised in Brownsville, a tiny, rural, white town in Kentucky, 200 miles south of Indianapolis. Throughout their childhood, father Sam, a son of slaves, and mother Mattie, quietly bought small parcels of the town until they held the majority of the land. They taught their boys the power of owning property through practice, sent Denver to the front lines of World War I and Sea to earn a degree at Lincoln University. A newly minted veteran, Denver followed the Black masses to the Circle City, purchased a home, and invested in his own printing press company within walking distance of the Avenue. The influx of Black Americans relocating to Indiana, living in downtown Indianapolis sparked an exponential growth of KKK membership. Historians estimate a quarter of all white, male Hoosiers joined ranks between 1910 and 1920. Racial tension between blacks and whites boiled over in the streets and bled into the highest levels of municipal office, severely depressing local opportunity and upward mobility for Black families. The Ferguson Brothers, rock ‘n’ roll pioneers, and a touch of extrajudicial ingenuity changed the musical, political, and economic landscape of the city and beyond. Denver dug his heels into building an empire, designing a lottery ticket disguised as a baseball score card. Folks bought as many tickets as they had money to stretch and scribbled their runs, hits, and errors in three columns, placed their bets with runners hiding in plain sight, and awaited the weekly bank reports to declare a winner, or usually, lack thereof. Two types convened at the back door of the print shop, runners and winners for payouts and cops and politicians for payoffs. The gambling business amassed 200 employees and return on investment so high, Denver summoned his brother to Indianapolis to help him keep supply and demand in check. The Fergusons conducted business as a team and separately, operating as complements amid fierce competition to turn a quick and constant profit. Denver, quiet and unassuming, and younger Sea, personable and visible, the brothers equally formidable, especially together. They acquired Odd Fellows Hall, a three-story, white social club on the corner of Vermont and Senate, an offshoot of Indiana Avenue. Sea opened a real estate brokerage in a suite on the first floor and converted the remainder of the first floor and the second into the Cotton Club. The third floor transformed into Denver’s Trianon Ballroom. Both black nightlife attractions served as popular destination for traveling big bands and musical acts, from Walter Barnes to Duke Ellington. The connection to Barnes earned Denver access to the Chicago’s Bronzeville rock ‘n’ roll beat, expanding to Detroit, Milwaukee, and Indianapolis, a primer for the Chitlin’ Circuit with anchor venues for touring black musicians and performers throughout the rural and urban South — Jackson, Houston, New Orleans, Memphis, Jacksonville. On a tipped hunch, Denver built and debuted Sunset Terrace in 1938 on the far end of Indiana Avenue across the street from and just ahead of the city erecting Lockefield Gardens, a government housing project. The Sunset became a renowned black dance hall, arguably one of the best in the country during its heyday. The Fergusons developed their joint business venture into an unorthodox community foundation, incubating budding businesses, providing credit for struggling families, and donating resources to youth groups. The aftermath of a grisly murder linked to the Fergusons’ white rivals on the Avenue proved egregious for black businessmen in the area. In 1940, a political crackdown from the mayor’s office rippled through the police department and municipal agencies. Denver, Sea, and fellow black business owner Goosie Lee lost their liquor licenses to trumped up causes. Not long after, Denver’s lottery business folded under pressure of increased police presence along the Avenue. In direct response to the city’s literal blacklist, the brothers created a booking agency to bring major black entertainers to Indianapolis, and financially back tours of the Chitlin’ Circuit, contributing to the monumental careers of B.B. King, James Brown, Little Richard, and more. By the late 1940s, both transitioned their businesses to legal entities. Denver found himself tangled in a transnational marriage and ugly divorce with a German-born woman whose photo appeared in Jet magazine. Complications from several strokes caused his death in May of 1957. Sea prevailed against pesky tax evasion charges, and lived as a celebrated and successful businessman and active member of the NAACP in the city until he passed away of natural causes in March of 1974. He’s the brother buried, suited and booted to the heavens in Crown Hill, alongside his parents and older brother. Whether Denver and Sea should be denounced menaces or hailed heroes isn’t the question. Despite authority figures relentlessly questioning their ethics, the Ferguson brothers redefined urban development, creating a self-sustaining, bustling district for thousands of marginalized black people in a way that still can’t be replicated to date. The city designated Indiana Avenue as a cultural district in 2004, christening the area a prime tourist destination, without acknowledging the contributions of people like the Ferguson brothers and so many others towards establishing a once vibrant epicenter for black culture in the Midwest. |
